Independent Whole-Genome Duplications Define the Architecture of the Genomes of the Devastating West African Cacao Black Pod Pathogen Phytophthora megakarya and Its Close Relative Phytophthora palmivora.
Identifieur interne : 000151 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000150; suivant : 000152Independent Whole-Genome Duplications Define the Architecture of the Genomes of the Devastating West African Cacao Black Pod Pathogen Phytophthora megakarya and Its Close Relative Phytophthora palmivora.
Auteurs : Abraham Morales-Cruz [États-Unis] ; Shahin S. Ali [États-Unis] ; Andrea Minio [États-Unis] ; Rosa Figueroa-Balderas [États-Unis] ; Jadran F. García [États-Unis] ; Takao Kasuga [États-Unis] ; Alina S. Puig ; Jean-Philippe Marelli ; Bryan A. Bailey [États-Unis] ; Dario Cantu [États-Unis]Source :
- G3 (Bethesda, Md.) [ 2160-1836 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Phytophthora megakarya and P. palmivora are oomycete pathogens that cause black pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao), the most economically important disease on cacao globally. While P. palmivora is a cosmopolitan pathogen, P. megakarya, which is more aggressive on cacao than P. palmivora, has been reported only in West and Central Africa where it has been spreading and devastating cacao farms since the 1950s. In this study, we reconstructed the complete diploid genomes of multiple isolates of both species using single-molecule real-time sequencing. Thirty-one additional genotypes were sequenced to analyze inter- and intra-species genomic diversity. The P. megakarya genome is exceptionally large (222 Mbp) and nearly twice the size of P. palmivora (135 Mbp) and most known Phytophthora species (∼100 Mbp on average). Previous reports pointed toward a whole-genome duplication (WGD) in P. palmivora In this study, we demonstrate that both species underwent independent and relatively recent WGD events. In P. megakarya we identified a unique combination of WGD and large-scale transposable element driven genome expansion, which places this genome in the upper range of Phytophthora genome sizes, as well as effector pools with 1,382 predicted RxLR effectors. Finally, this study provides evidence of adaptive evolution of effectors like RxLRs and Crinklers, and discusses the implications of effector expansion and diversification.
DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401014
PubMed: 32354704
PubMed Central: PMC7341134
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Independent Whole-Genome Duplications Define the Architecture of the Genomes of the Devastating West African Cacao Black Pod Pathogen <i>Phytophthora megakarya</i> and Its Close Relative <i>Phytophthora palmivora</i>.</title><author><name sortKey="Morales Cruz, Abraham" sort="Morales Cruz, Abraham" uniqKey="Morales Cruz A" first="Abraham" last="Morales-Cruz">Abraham Morales-Cruz</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</nlm:affiliation><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Shahin S" sort="Ali, Shahin S" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Shahin S" last="Ali">Shahin S. Ali</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</nlm:affiliation><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minio, Andrea" sort="Minio, Andrea" uniqKey="Minio A" first="Andrea" last="Minio">Andrea Minio</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</nlm:affiliation><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa Balderas, Rosa" sort="Figueroa Balderas, Rosa" uniqKey="Figueroa Balderas R" first="Rosa" last="Figueroa-Balderas">Rosa Figueroa-Balderas</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</nlm:affiliation><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Jadran F" sort="Garcia, Jadran F" uniqKey="Garcia J" first="Jadran F" last="García">Jadran F. 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Puig</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA/ARS, Miami, FL 33158, and.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">and</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marelli, Jean Philippe" sort="Marelli, Jean Philippe" uniqKey="Marelli J" first="Jean-Philippe" last="Marelli">Jean-Philippe Marelli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mars Wrigley Plant Sciences Laboratory, 95616 Davis California.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">95616 Davis California</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bailey, Bryan A" sort="Bailey, Bryan A" uniqKey="Bailey B" first="Bryan A" last="Bailey">Bryan A. Bailey</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cantu, Dario" sort="Cantu, Dario" uniqKey="Cantu D" first="Dario" last="Cantu">Dario Cantu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California, dacantu@ucdavis.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32354704</idno><idno type="pmid">32354704</idno><idno type="doi">10.1534/g3.120.401014</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7341134</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000206</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000206</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000206</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000206</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000206</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Independent Whole-Genome Duplications Define the Architecture of the Genomes of the Devastating West African Cacao Black Pod Pathogen <i>Phytophthora megakarya</i> and Its Close Relative <i>Phytophthora palmivora</i>.</title><author><name sortKey="Morales Cruz, Abraham" sort="Morales Cruz, Abraham" uniqKey="Morales Cruz A" first="Abraham" last="Morales-Cruz">Abraham Morales-Cruz</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</nlm:affiliation><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Shahin S" sort="Ali, Shahin S" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Shahin S" last="Ali">Shahin S. Ali</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</nlm:affiliation><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minio, Andrea" sort="Minio, Andrea" uniqKey="Minio A" first="Andrea" last="Minio">Andrea Minio</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</nlm:affiliation><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa Balderas, Rosa" sort="Figueroa Balderas, Rosa" uniqKey="Figueroa Balderas R" first="Rosa" last="Figueroa-Balderas">Rosa Figueroa-Balderas</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</nlm:affiliation><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Jadran F" sort="Garcia, Jadran F" uniqKey="Garcia J" first="Jadran F" last="García">Jadran F. García</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</nlm:affiliation><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kasuga, Takao" sort="Kasuga, Takao" uniqKey="Kasuga T" first="Takao" last="Kasuga">Takao Kasuga</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California.</nlm:affiliation><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Puig, Alina S" sort="Puig, Alina S" uniqKey="Puig A" first="Alina S" last="Puig">Alina S. Puig</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA/ARS, Miami, FL 33158, and.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">and</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marelli, Jean Philippe" sort="Marelli, Jean Philippe" uniqKey="Marelli J" first="Jean-Philippe" last="Marelli">Jean-Philippe Marelli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mars Wrigley Plant Sciences Laboratory, 95616 Davis California.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">95616 Davis California</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bailey, Bryan A" sort="Bailey, Bryan A" uniqKey="Bailey B" first="Bryan A" last="Bailey">Bryan A. Bailey</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cantu, Dario" sort="Cantu, Dario" uniqKey="Cantu D" first="Dario" last="Cantu">Dario Cantu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California, dacantu@ucdavis.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">G3 (Bethesda, Md.)</title><idno type="eISSN">2160-1836</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><i>Phytophthora megakarya</i> and <i>P. palmivora</i> are oomycete pathogens that cause black pod rot of cacao (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>), the most economically important disease on cacao globally. While <i>P. palmivora</i> is a cosmopolitan pathogen, <i>P. megakarya</i>, which is more aggressive on cacao than <i>P. palmivora</i>, has been reported only in West and Central Africa where it has been spreading and devastating cacao farms since the 1950s. In this study, we reconstructed the complete diploid genomes of multiple isolates of both species using single-molecule real-time sequencing. Thirty-one additional genotypes were sequenced to analyze inter- and intra-species genomic diversity. The <i>P. megakarya</i> genome is exceptionally large (222 Mbp) and nearly twice the size of <i>P. palmivora</i> (135 Mbp) and most known <i>Phytophthora</i> species (∼100 Mbp on average). Previous reports pointed toward a whole-genome duplication (WGD) in <i>P. palmivora</i> In this study, we demonstrate that both species underwent independent and relatively recent WGD events. In <i>P. megakarya</i> we identified a unique combination of WGD and large-scale transposable element driven genome expansion, which places this genome in the upper range of <i>Phytophthora</i> genome sizes, as well as effector pools with 1,382 predicted RxLR effectors. Finally, this study provides evidence of adaptive evolution of effectors like RxLRs and Crinklers, and discusses the implications of effector expansion and diversification.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Data-Review" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32354704</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2160-1836</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>10</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Jul</Month><Day>07</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>G3 (Bethesda, Md.)</Title><ISOAbbreviation>G3 (Bethesda)</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Independent Whole-Genome Duplications Define the Architecture of the Genomes of the Devastating West African Cacao Black Pod Pathogen <i>Phytophthora megakarya</i> and Its Close Relative <i>Phytophthora palmivora</i>.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>2241-2255</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1534/g3.120.401014</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText><i>Phytophthora megakarya</i> and <i>P. palmivora</i> are oomycete pathogens that cause black pod rot of cacao (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>), the most economically important disease on cacao globally. While <i>P. palmivora</i> is a cosmopolitan pathogen, <i>P. megakarya</i>, which is more aggressive on cacao than <i>P. palmivora</i>, has been reported only in West and Central Africa where it has been spreading and devastating cacao farms since the 1950s. In this study, we reconstructed the complete diploid genomes of multiple isolates of both species using single-molecule real-time sequencing. Thirty-one additional genotypes were sequenced to analyze inter- and intra-species genomic diversity. The <i>P. megakarya</i> genome is exceptionally large (222 Mbp) and nearly twice the size of <i>P. palmivora</i> (135 Mbp) and most known <i>Phytophthora</i> species (∼100 Mbp on average). Previous reports pointed toward a whole-genome duplication (WGD) in <i>P. palmivora</i> In this study, we demonstrate that both species underwent independent and relatively recent WGD events. In <i>P. megakarya</i> we identified a unique combination of WGD and large-scale transposable element driven genome expansion, which places this genome in the upper range of <i>Phytophthora</i> genome sizes, as well as effector pools with 1,382 predicted RxLR effectors. Finally, this study provides evidence of adaptive evolution of effectors like RxLRs and Crinklers, and discusses the implications of effector expansion and diversification.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Morales-Cruz et al.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Morales-Cruz</LastName><ForeName>Abraham</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6122-2649</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ali</LastName><ForeName>Shahin S</ForeName><Initials>SS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Minio</LastName><ForeName>Andrea</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2643-9209</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Figueroa-Balderas</LastName><ForeName>Rosa</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3321-1376</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>García</LastName><ForeName>Jadran F</ForeName><Initials>JF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kasuga</LastName><ForeName>Takao</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Puig</LastName><ForeName>Alina S</ForeName><Initials>AS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA/ARS, Miami, FL 33158, and.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marelli</LastName><ForeName>Jean-Philippe</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-7567</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mars Wrigley Plant Sciences Laboratory, 95616 Davis California.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bailey</LastName><ForeName>Bryan A</ForeName><Initials>BA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cantu</LastName><ForeName>Dario</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4858-1508</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, California, dacantu@ucdavis.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>07</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>G3 (Bethesda)</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101566598</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2160-1836</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">RxLR motif</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">effectors</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">oomycetes</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">plant diseases</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">transposable elements</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">whole-genome duplication</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32354704</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">g3.120.401014</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1534/g3.120.401014</ArticleId><ArticleId 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IdType="pubmed">19119423</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Californie</li><li>Maryland</li></region></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Marelli, Jean Philippe" sort="Marelli, Jean Philippe" uniqKey="Marelli J" first="Jean-Philippe" last="Marelli">Jean-Philippe Marelli</name><name sortKey="Puig, Alina S" sort="Puig, Alina S" uniqKey="Puig A" first="Alina S" last="Puig">Alina S. Puig</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Morales Cruz, Abraham" sort="Morales Cruz, Abraham" uniqKey="Morales Cruz A" first="Abraham" last="Morales-Cruz">Abraham Morales-Cruz</name></region><name sortKey="Ali, Shahin S" sort="Ali, Shahin S" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Shahin S" last="Ali">Shahin S. Ali</name><name sortKey="Ali, Shahin S" sort="Ali, Shahin S" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Shahin S" last="Ali">Shahin S. Ali</name><name sortKey="Bailey, Bryan A" sort="Bailey, Bryan A" uniqKey="Bailey B" first="Bryan A" last="Bailey">Bryan A. Bailey</name><name sortKey="Cantu, Dario" sort="Cantu, Dario" uniqKey="Cantu D" first="Dario" last="Cantu">Dario Cantu</name><name sortKey="Figueroa Balderas, Rosa" sort="Figueroa Balderas, Rosa" uniqKey="Figueroa Balderas R" first="Rosa" last="Figueroa-Balderas">Rosa Figueroa-Balderas</name><name sortKey="Garcia, Jadran F" sort="Garcia, Jadran F" uniqKey="Garcia J" first="Jadran F" last="García">Jadran F. García</name><name sortKey="Kasuga, Takao" sort="Kasuga, Takao" uniqKey="Kasuga T" first="Takao" last="Kasuga">Takao Kasuga</name><name sortKey="Minio, Andrea" sort="Minio, Andrea" uniqKey="Minio A" first="Andrea" last="Minio">Andrea Minio</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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|texte= Independent Whole-Genome Duplications Define the Architecture of the Genomes of the Devastating West African Cacao Black Pod Pathogen Phytophthora megakarya and Its Close Relative Phytophthora palmivora.
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